References

1

J. S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1987).

2

E. Schrödinger, Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik, Naturwissenschaften 23, 807 (1935); English translation by J. D. Trimmer, The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's ``Cat Paradox'' Paper, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 124, 323 (1980), reprinted in [3].

3

J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek, eds., Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1983).

4

N. Bohr, Discussion with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics, in [5].

5

P. A. Schilpp, ed., Albert Einstein, Philosopher-Scientist, Library of Living Philosophers, Evanston, IL, (1949).

6

W. Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy, Harper and Row, New York (1958).

7

W. Heisenberg, The Physicist's Conception of Nature, translated by A. J. Pomerans, Harcourt Brace, New York (1958).

8

A. Einstein, Reply to Criticisms, in [5].

9

A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935).

10

R. B. Griffiths, J. Stat. Phys. 36, 219 (1984).

11

R. Omnes, J. Stat. Phys. 53, 893 (1988); 53, 933 (1988); 53, 957 (1988).

12

M. Gell-Mann and J. B. Hartle, Quantum Mechanics in the Light of Quantum Cosmology, in Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information, W. Zurek, ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading (1990), p. 425; also in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology, S. Kobayashi, H. Ezawa, Y. Murayama, and S. Nomura, eds., Physical Society of Japan (1990); Phys. Rev. D 47, 3345 (1993).

13

W. H. Zurek, Phys. Rev. D 26, 1862 (1982); Physics Today 44(10), 36 (1991); Physics Today 46(4), 84 (1993).

14

S. Goldstein and D. Page, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3715 (1995), gr-qc/9403055.

15

A. M. Gleason, J. Math. and Mech. 6, 885 (1957).

16

S. Kochen and E. P. Specker, J. Math. and Mech. 17, 59 (1967).

17

J. S. Bell, Physics 1, 195 (1964); reprinted in [1] and in [3].

18

L. Hardy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1665 (1993); S. Goldstein, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1951 (1994).

19

M. Gell-Mann and J. B. Hartle, Alternative Decohering Histories in Quantum Mechanics, in the Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on High Energy Physics, Singapore, August 2-8, 1990, K. K. Phua and Y. Yamaguchi, eds., World Scientific, Singapore (1990).

20

G. C. Ghirardi, A. Rimini, and T. Weber, Phys. Rev. D 34, 470 (1986).

21

G. C. Ghirardi, Macroscopic Reality and the Dynamical Reduction Program, invited lecture to the Tenth International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Florence, August 1995, in Structures and Norms in Science, M. L. Dalla Chiara et al., eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1997).

22

K. Berndl, D. Dürr, S. Goldstein, G. Peruzzi, and N. Zanghì, Commun. Math. Phys. 173, 647 (1995), quant-ph/9503013.

23

D. Bohm, Phys. Rev. 85, 166 (1952); 85, 180 (1952).

24

D. Dürr, S. Goldstein, and N. Zanghì, J. Stat. Phys. 67, 843 (1992).

25

J. S. Bell, Rev. Mod. Phys. 38, 447 (1966); reprinted in [1] and in [3].

26

E. P. Wigner, Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, in [3].

27

M. Born, Z. Phys. 38, 803 (1926); English translation in Wave Mechanics, G. Ludwig, ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford (1968), p. 206.

28

L. de Broglie, La Nouvelle Dynamique des Quanta, in [29].

29

Electrons et Photons: Rapports et Discussions du Cinquième Conseil de Physique tenu à Bruxelles du 24 au 29 Octobre 1927 sous les Auspices de l'Institut International de Physique Solvay, Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1928).

30

W. Pauli, in [29].

31

D. Dürr, S. Goldstein, and N. Zanghì, Bohmian Mechanics as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics, in Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal, J. Cushing, A. Fine, and S. Goldstein, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1996), quant-ph/9511016.

32

J. von Neumann, Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1932); English translation by R. T. Beyer, Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1955).

33

N. D. Mermin, Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 803 (1993).

34

R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I, Addison-Wesley, New York (1963).

35

R. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law, The MIT Press, Cambridge (1967).

36

C. Philippidis, C. Dewdney, and B. J. Hiley, Nuovo Cimento 52B, 15 (1979).

  
Figure 2: Though he formulated its fundamental equation, Schrödinger was one of quantum theory's most acerbic critics.

  
Figure 3: For Einstein, Schrödinger's cat, or the measurement problem, was no paradox. Rather, it merely demonstrated that the wave function does not provide a complete description of physical reality, for [8, page 671,] ``If we attempt [to work with] the interpretation that the quantum-mechanical description is to be understood as a complete description of the individual system, we are forced to the interpretation that the location of the mark on the strip [or the fact as to whether the cat is dead or alive] is nothing which belongs to the system per se, but that the existence of that location is essentially dependent upon the carrying out of an observation made on the registration-strip. Such an interpretation is certainly by no means absurd from a purely logical standpoint; yet there is hardly likely to be anyone who would be inclined to consider it seriously.''

  
Figure 4: The leading figures of twentieth century physics, Einstein and Bohr engaged in a decades-long debate about the meaning and interpretation of quantum mechanics.

  
Figure 5: Over the past half century, Murray Gell-Mann has been one of the most sensible critics of orthodox quantum theory while Richard Feynman was one of its most sensible defenders.

  
Figure 6: For the past several decades, John Bell was the deepest thinker on the foundations of quantum mechanics. His analysis of nonlocality and hidden variables revitalized the field. Unfortunately, the implications of his work have been widely misunderstood.

  
Figure 7: The participants of the Fifth Solvay Congress

  
Figure 8: Some of David Bohm's ideas about quantum mechanics and the nature of physical reality, for example regarding the implicate order, were rather speculative, but his deterministic version of quantum mechanics is quantum theory's most lucid and straightforward completion.