Dear Ben Please consult https://sites.math.rutgers.edu/~zeilberg/Hist21/q2S.pdf for the full solutions. #1: 1 point #2: 0 points #3: 1 point #4: 2 points (you had to explain, but this time I did not take points off) #5: 1 point (right formula, but no proof. I am curious where you was it before. It is not one of the famous ones) So You got 5 points (out of 10). Good job! Best wishes, Dr. Z.