Sketch two level curves of f(x,y) = (x-y)/(x+y). Explain why lim
(x,y)->(0,0) (x-y)/(x+y) does or does not exist.

Original function: f(x,y) = (x-y)/(x+y)
Set y =x, curve: f(x,x) = (0)/(2x)    =0 no matter what x approaches
Set y  =2x, curve: f(x,2x) = (-1x)/(3x) = (-1/3) no matter what x
approaches
Because these limits are not the same (including when they approach
(0,0) ) the limit does not exist.

B
Contributed by Erin Curcio of Section 7:

B. Let f(x,y)=xy2 + 2x3

a)If one stands on the graph of f at (1,2,6), what is the slope of the
graph at that point in its steepest direction? Please see comment below.

I don't know exactly how you would find this, but I think you would
need to begin by finding the tangent plane because that would be
similar to the slope. To do this find the partial derivatives.

fx(x,y)=y2 +6x2      fy(x,y)=2xy

The tangent plane at (1,2,6) would be:

z-6=10(x-1) + 4(y-2)


Comment The management
declares that this problem was copied from another instructor's
exam. I think that the instructor wanted "the slope of the graph" to
mean the directional derivative in that direction. Sigh.  In this
problem, f=<y2+6x2,2xy>. At (1,2,6) this would be <10,4> so the
largest value of Duf=f·u is
sqrt(102+42=sqrt(116). The u involved would be
<10/sqrt(116),4/sqrt(116)>


b)Find Duf(1,2) if u is the unit vector in the direction
from (1,2) to (2,4).

The length of the vector is found to be (1,2) by subtracting the first
point from the second. To find the unit vector, divide the length by
the magnitude.

|u|=(1·2 + 2·2).5 = (5).5     so, the unit vector is 
<1/(sqrt 5), 2/(sqrt 5)>

Du(x,y)=fx(x,y)a + fy(x,y)b = (y2+6x2)(1/sqrt 5)+(2xy)(2/sqrt5)

Du(1,2)=(10/sqrt5)+(8/sqrt5)=18/(sqrt5)

C
Contributed by Matthew Starr of Section 5:

Find an equation of the plan containing the points (1,2,0) and (0,2,1)
and parallel to the line x=1+t, y=-1+t, z=2t

	        (these are x,y,z coordinates of a point on the plane)
                                 |          |          | 
                                 v          v          v      
The equation of a plane is __(x-__) + __(y-__) + __(z-__) = 0
                           ^         ^           ^    
                           |         |           |
                          (Vector components of line
                            perpendicular to plane)

Using the parametric equation of the parallel line, we know that a
vector in its direction is &;lt;1,1,2>. We should use it because
it represents the parallel aspect.
The equation of a plane requires a perpendicular line, Find another
parallel vector and then cross product the <1,1,2> with it to produce
a perpendicular vector.

(0-1)i+(2-2)j+(1-0)k
This is the vector created when we use the two points given to us that
lie on the plane.
Now cross product the two vectors
<1, 1, 2> x <-1, 0, 1>=<1,-3,1>
Plug these values into the plane equation:
1(x-1) + (-3)(y-2) + 1(z-0) = 0

D
Contributed by Matthew Starr of Section 5:

Z= f(x,y), x = 3uv, y = u-v^2, express Dz/Dv in terms of Dz/Dx, Dz/Dy,
u, and v.

Z=(f(x,y))
(Dz/Dv) = (Dz/Dx)(Dx/Dv) + (Dz/Dy)(Dy/Dv)
(Dz/Dv) = (Dz/Dx)(3u) + (Dz/Dy)(-2v)

E
Contributed by Matthew Starr of Section 5:

x5+y5+z3+xyz=0 find an equation of the tanget line at
(1,1,-1) and the value of Dz/Dx at (1,1,-1)

Formula:   Fx(Xo,Yo,Zo)(x-Xo)+(Fy(Xo,Yo,Zo)(y-Yo)+Fz(Xo,Yo,Zo)(z-Zo) =0

Here (1,1,-1) is (xo,yo,zo).
Fx: ((5(x4)+(yz)) at (1,1,-1) is 4 
Fy: (5(y4) at (1,1,-1) is 5
Fz: (3(z2)+(xy)) at (1,1,-1) is 4 

Answer:    (4)(x-1)+(5)(y-1)+(4)(z+1) =0

Contributed by Adam Skrzypczak of Section 10:

Just /z the whole equation. 

Remember that y is constant and z is supposed to be a function of x (use the chain rule!).

5(x4)+3z2[z/x]+yz+xy[z/x]=0

So (3z2+xy)[z/x]=-5x4-yz

and [z/x]=(-5x4-yz)/(3z2+xy)

At the point (1,1,-1) this is (-5+1)/(3+1)=-1.

F
Contributed by David Yakubov of Section 10:

f(t)=sin(2t)i+tj+t^3k
     1) Set up a sytem of equations
                 sin(2t)=0
                 4/t=0
                  t^3=0,     this implies that t=0 
do the same for (0,pi,pi^3) and we will get t=pi

2) Take the first derivative of the function, r'(t)=2cos(2t)i+j+3t^2k
lr'(t)l=sqrt(4cos^2(2t)+9t^4+1)

3) Set up an integral from 0 to pi of sqrt(4cos^2(2t)+9t^4+1) dt 

G & H
Contributed by Annemarie Manfredi of Section 10:

a) V + 2W = <1,3,-2> + 2<-1,2,1>
<1,3,-2> + <-2,4,2>
<1 + -2, 3 + 4, -2 + 2>
V + 2W = <-1, 7, 0>
vector/magnitude creates a unit vector so:
|V+2W| = sqrt(-12 + 72 + 02)
|V+2W| = sqrt(1 + 49)
|V+2W| = sqrt(50)

unit vector in the same direction as V + 2W: <-1,7,0>/(5sqrt2)

b) magnitude of V1||W = V·W/|W|
V·W = -1 + 6 -2=3
|W| = sqrt(1+4+1)
|W| = sqrt(6)
V1 = 3/(sqrt6) multiplied by a unit vector in the direction of W, 
and that unit vector is W/|W|=<-1,2,1>/sqrt(6) so
V1=<-1,2,1>/sqrt(6) times 3/sqrt(6)
V1=<-1,2,1>(1/2)=<-1/2,1,1/2>

Since V = V1 + V2
V2 = V - V1
V2 = <1,3,-2> - <-1/2,1,1/2> = <3/2,2,-5/2>



Comment The management
notes that the answer can be checked independently by computing 
V2·W=<3/2,2,-5/2>·<-1,2,1>=(-3/2)+4+(-5/2)=0, so they 
are perpendicular. If you have the time this is a good idea. 

K
Contributed by Umesh Kishnani of Section 8:

Answer to part a of problem K:

z + x z/x + cos(y^2 + z^2) (2z) z/x = 0
z/x [x + 2zcos(y^2 + z^2)] = -z
z/x = -z / [x + 2zcos(y^2 + z^2)]

L
Contributed by Tina H. Lee of Section 6:

r(t)=(cos(2t)+2t*sin(2t))i+(sin(2t)-2t*cos(2t))j

r´(t)=<-2sin(2t)+2sin(2t)+4t*cos(2t),2cos(2t)-(2cos(2t)+4t*sin(2t))>=<4t*cos(2t),4t*sin(2t)>

|r´(t)|2=(16*t2)*((cos(2t))2+(sin(2t))2)=16*t2
so |r´(t)|=4t

T(t)=<4t*cos(2t),4t*sin(2t)>/(4t)=<cos(2t),sin(2t)>

T´(t)=<-2sin(2t),2cos(2t)>=<

|T´(t)|2=22(sin(2t))2+22(cos(2t))2=22
so |T´(t)|=2

N(t)=(1/2)<-2sin(2t),2cos(2t)>=<-sin(2t),cos(2t)>

k=|T´(t)|/|r´(t)|=2/(4t)=1/(2t)

J
Contributed by Matthew Starr of Section 5:

Find an equation of the tangent plane to the surface z = (x3)(y) at
(1,2,2)

Equation z-Zo=fx(Xo,Yo)(x-Xo)+fy(Xo,Yo)(y-Yo)

Now fx=3x2y at (1,2,2) this is 6
fy=x3 at (1,2,2) this is 1

z-2 = 6(x-1) + 1(y-2)

M
Contributed by Chris Martin of Section 9:

A particle's acceleration is a(t) = <cos(t), sin(t), 2>.
Suppose that r(0) = <1,0,1>
                   v(0) = <0,2,0>
What is r(t) = ?

v(t) = <sin(t)+const, -cos(t)+const, 2t+const>
sin(0)+const=0        -cos(0)+const=2        2(0)+const=0

v(t) = <sin(t), -cos(t)+3, 2t>

r(t) = < -cos(t)+const, -sin(t)+3t+const, (t2)+const>
-cos(0)+const=1      -sin(0)+3t+const=0     (02)+const=1

r(t) = < -cos(t)+2, -sin(t)+3t, (t2)+1>

O & P
Contributed by Sonam Patel of Section 5:

O and P part a and b

a) r(t)=costi+sintj+t2k

To find unit tangent vector to C when t=Pi, first take the derivative
of r(t) and then
take the magnitude of the derivative of r(t)

r'(t)=-sinti+costj+2tk
magnitude of r'(t)= square root of ((sint)2+(cost)2+(2t)2) = square
root of (1+4t2)

now,
r'(t)/magnitude of r'(t) will give you the unit tangent vector, so

r'(t)/magnitude of r'(t)= <-sint, cost, 2t>*1/(square root of
(1+4t2))

r'(Pi)/magnitude of r'(Pi)=<0, -1/(square root of (1+4Pi2)),
2Pi/(square root of
(1+4Pi2))> = unit tangent vector when t=Pi


b)Write an integral for the length of the part of C between t = 0 and
t = 2Pi

L= the integral from a to b of the magnitude of r'(t) dt
L= the integral from 0 to 2Pi of [square root of (1+4t2)]dt

c)
both r'(t) and |r'(t)| are calculated above .  r''(t)= -cos t i -sin t
j +2k r'(t)Śr''(t)= (2 cos t - -2t sin t) i+ (-2t cos t - -2 sin t) j
+ k=(2 cos t +2t sin t) i+ (-2t cos t+ 2 sin t) j + 1k  
|r'(t)Śr''(t)|= sqrt(5+t2) (The
management can't copy Ms. Orani's equisitely beautiful
computations because they are in some sort of horrible Microsoft
format. Yes, this is editorial comment. The computations use
cos2+sin2)=1 a bunch of times.)  Then the
desired formula for curvature follows by dividing by
|r'(t)|3.

S
Contributed by Thomas Schirripa of Section 9:

(a) Find parametric equations for the line through the points (3,2,7) and (-1, 1,2).
A line in R3 is defined by a point and a vector in the direction 
of the line. Note that the two given points may be rewritten as position 
vectors, namely: <3,2,7> and <-1,1,2>. The vector in the 
direction of the line directed through these two points is just the 
difference between the vectors (and vector subtraction is done 
componentwise): 
<3,2,7> - <-1,1,2> = <3-(-1), 2-1, 7-2> = <4,1,5>
Now pick either of the points (I used the first) and plug them into
the  "formula" for parametric equations.
x = 3 + 4t
y = 2 + 1t
z = 7 + 5t
(In case you forgot, the "formula" is 
<x,y,z>=<Xo,Yo,Zo>+t<direction>, where the subscript "o" corresponds to 
an initial value from a point that is on the line).

(b) At what point does this line intersect the plane x + y + z = 22?
Simply substitute the parametric equations obtained in (a) into the 
equation of the plane (and solve for t):
(3 + 4t) + (2 + 1t) + (7 + 5t) = 22
12 + 10t = 22
10t = 10
t = 1
THE PROBLEM IS NOT FINISHED! The question asks for the POINT, and right 
now we only obtained the t value that describes this point. By
substituting 1 for t in the parametric equations found in (a), we get (7, 3, 12).

Maintained by greenfie@math.rutgers.edu and last modified 9/5/2005.